The final exam will be based primarily on topics covered after spring break (lectures 13 to 
21). I have listed below some important topics to study. However, note that this list is not 
exhaustive, and that the exam may also include a few topics not on this list.

                                                                                                     
LCDM models of galaxy evolution 
- Hierarchical formation of Spirals and Ellipticals in LCDM models
- Successes of LCDM-based models of galaxy evolution
- Challenges/Failures of LCDM-based models of galaxy evolution
                                                                                                     
Star formation tracers 
- Lyman Continuum Photons (Lambda<912 A; far UV)
- Hydrogen Recombination Lines (Ly-alpha, Halpha, Pa-alpha, Br-gamma)
- Thermal Radio continuum
- Non Thermal Radio Continuum
- Far-IR continuum
- Mid-IR emission

Criteria for onset of star formation
 - Toomre Criterion for gravitional instability.
 - Application in outer disks
 - Application in central region of galaxies

Star formation law: Schmidt Law.
Feedback from star formation and black holes
Cosmic SF history and Madau plot


Cosmology basics
- Redshift: Cosmological redshift vs Doppler Redshift 
- Lookback time as a function of redshift 
- Angular Diameter Distance as a  function of redshift 


Galaxy surveys through cosmic time: the empirical approach to galaxy evolution
- Important  criteria for a powerful galaxy survey
- Latest Galaxy Surveys: GEMS, HUDF
- What have we learnt from galaxy surveys at different z?


Black Holes (BHs) and Galaxy Evolution
- Schwarzchild radius and gravitational radius of influence of a BH 
- How are BH masses measured ?
- Supermassive BH at center of Milky Way
- Supermassive BHs in external galaxies 
- Angular momentum problem in fueling BHs
- Energy generated by mass accretion onto a BH
- Eddington Luminosity
- BH Mass vs Bulge vel dispersion relation
- Possible reasons for BH Mass vs Bulge vel dispersion relation
- Role of AGN feedback on galaxy evolution

Scaling Relations in Galaxies
-Tully Fisher relation in spirals
-Baryonic Tully Fisher relation in spirals
-Faber Jackson in Es
-Fundamental plane of Es