Self-Paced Introductory Astronomy for Non-Science Majors
First Important Notice: If you have already taken AST 301 or 303, you cannot also get credit for this class. You should take a 309-level (or higher number) class.
Second Important Notice: About 50% of the problems that people have in this class come from not reading this handout.
Third Important Notice: The class is open for tutoring and testing 30 hours per week (11:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.). You may come to the class at any time that is convenient for you; you are not restricted to the time of the section for which you registered. However, the student records and course bookkeeping are kept in a computer by section. Which means that the very first time that you come in to take a test and have your record set up in the computer, you must know the section in which you are registered -- either the unique number or the hour of the class. The section numbers can be found in your course schedule, on your fee receipt, and in this handout. Please help us get your record set up properly; mistakes could affect your grade. After the first visit, you need only bring a picture ID to gain admission to the class tutoring and testing rooms.
Note: The cheapest way to get your books is to buy the package with (a) and (b) shrink-wrapped together. Unless you have a new copy of (b) and (c), you run the risk of missing page which could cause you to fail a unit.
Important: Note the prices carefully when you buy your books. If you buy a) and b) above new and sold as a shrink-wrapped set, you will get a special discounted price. If you buy a used text, you will have to buy a new copy of the Manual and Kit, with the result that you may pay as much for a used and marked-up copy than if you bought everything new. Do not assume that used is necessarily cheaper. Compare prices!
The structure of this class is very different from most classes you have seen, and it requires different study habits. The first two days of class meetings on January 20 and 21 are given over to orientation sessions that make sure you do understand what kind of performance is required to achieve the grade you want. Actual testing begins January 22. If you miss the first-day class meeting, it is even more important to read and understand this handout word for word. You should always bring this handout to class with you, but if you don't, a copy will be posted on our bulletin board. It contains material that you will be consulting throughout the entire course.
This is a self-paced, no lectures class. You progress through it by reading the text and doing the activities that are prescribed (see later in this handout) and using the Study Guide to help you understand the material. The textbook content is grouped into manageable study units that you read and study, one at a time, at your own rate. (For example, Unit 1 is Chapters 1 and 2 of the text; Unit 2 is Chapter 3 and a couple of activities.) Study the units one at a time, either at home or in our study room, RLM 13.132, and whenever you feel that you are adequately prepared on a unit, you come to the class testing room at any time during open hours (11:00-5:00) and request a quiz. If you have any questions about the material you are learning, we have an astronomer on duty in the room to tutor and answers questions 30 hours per week (11:00-5:00).
Every quiz in the class is eight multiple-choice questions; to pass the test you must get at least six correct. That is, you can miss at most two of the questions. If you pass the unit test, you get one point of credit and go on to the next unit. Your grade at the end of the semester is then determined by the number of credits you have. If you pass eight, you earn a D (or CR); 11 passes earns a C; 14 gets a B; and 16 earns an A. Actual test-taking this semester will begin Thursday, January 22. There are 17 units altogether, so you may miss one and still get an A. Unit 17 is a make-up unit; you can only do Unit 17 if passing it would give you an A or B.
If you do not pass the test, you get to try again, up to a limit of three attempts per unit. If you fail a unit quiz three times, it is then "dead" and you must move on to the next unit without gaining your unit of credit. If you fail two or more units in the class, you will be unable to get an A, so take each testing opportunity seriously and carry out additional studying before you test a second or a third time. Taking tests quickly, one right after another when you are not really well-prepared, is a very poor strategy. Also, do not read too far ahead without testing, or else you will start forgetting.
Note that in this course structure failing an exam doesn't mean the same thing as it does in a lecture class. It simply means that you need to study a bit more and try again. Your failures don't count against you; only your passes count. This should help relieve test anxiety if you let it.
Again, note that you can come in at any time for testing, not just the hour you registered for. RLM 13.132 is open for business 30 hours each week, from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. daily. At any time during those hours, there will be a knowledgeable astronomer available to provide tutoring and answer your study questions and administer tests. In this type of class, you have the opportunity for much more tutoring and personal help than is generally possible in the large lecture classes. This always-present tutor is one of the major benefits of this course; do take advantage of it. There is ample time to finish the course materials (and finish with an A before the semester is over) if you start work soon and come in regularly. If you find that in spite of all the help provided in the classroom you still have severe and consistent problems with the class, note that the Learning and Study Skills Center in Jester has a tutor specifically for Astronomy 302 in addition to the help we provide.
Your text has included many features in its design to help you study effectively. Before you begin reading Chapter 1 of the textbook, do look over the summary of the study aids that begins on page xxiii. Notice that every chapter has an overview at the start and a chapter summary at the end. You will save yourself time in the long run if you pay attention to the study aids associated with material.
The text also contains many questions (called Inquiries) interspersed in the body of the text itself. In most textbooks, the "questions to aid in studying" are located at the back of the chapter where they can be conveniently ignored. In this book, the questions occur in the chapter material at the point where they are relevant. When you see one of these Inquires, you should stop and try to answer it. If you can, you are probably understanding the material. If you can't, you should begin finding out why. The inquiries change the study process from passive memorization to a more active learning experience. The inquires are answered at the end of the chapter, but if you simply turn to the end and read the answer, you will not learn the material as well as someone who really attempts to answer the questions realistically in a quiz situation.
The book does have summary questions at the end of the chapter as well. These two sets of questions (in the text and at the end of the chapter) are prime sources for quiz questions. It would be a mistake to skip past all of them. Since there is no lecturer in this class, all of the questions on the quizzes have to be answerable by consulting the books alone (with tutorial help if necessary).
In addition, there are Discovery exercises in many chapters that also stress active learning. They are simple activities you can do on your own that assist you in learning some astronomy by direct observations. A blue box in the text will indicate where a certain Discovery logically fits. The directions themselves are placed at the end of the chapter to avoid disrupting the flow of ideas. You can understand the chapter without doing the Discoveries, but they definitely increase your comprehension. The study outline (below) will give recommendations on which Discoveries are particularly fruitful. The Discoveries have questions in them to be answered, but the questions are answered at the end of the chapter for your ease of study.
Finally, the Activities Manual and Equipment Kit that accompanies the main text is filled with longer observational activities that involve your active participation in making observations and "learning by doing." (Some of these you will do; you will find the first of the activities in Chapter 3, Unit 2.) To make it easier for you to carry out the activities that some Units will require and to make it easier for us to grade them, the Manual has tear-out answer sheets for you to record your observations and conclusions on. These answer sheets must be checked by the astronomer on duty before you can be admitted to the quiz (because the quiz will also include questions over the activities). If something is incorrect on your observations and measurements, you will be asked to fix the problem. Again, with an astronomer always on duty to help you if you get stuck, the activities should not be an obstacle. But if a deadline day in the class is approaching, don't bring your measurements to be checked at the last minute. There may be work you need to redo before you can take the quiz.
You should begin your studying by consulting the introductory section of the Study Guide called "Using This Book to Study Effectively" before you begin your course of study. The Study Guide is also specifically designed to help you get through this particular book and earn the grade you want. A very helpful feature of the Study Guide is that it contains sample quiz questions over the material, so that you can determine while you are studying if you are ready for the real test. Please do not simply read these sample questions and their answers; if you do so, you will destroy one of your most valuable teaching aids in the class. Test yourself for real on the sample questions. You need to know if you are understanding the material adequately before coming in for the test that counts. Also note also that Appendix A of the Study Guide points out the first-printing errors and typos in the textbook and the Activities Manual.
Probably the most critical factor in this class is to start coming early. Business is slow at the start of the semester, and you have the astronomer on duty almost to yourself if you have questions. Also, as soon as you pass several units, you will know HOW LONG IT TAKES YOU TO PASS A UNIT. Then you can intelligently budget your remaining time to achieve the grade you want. Getting the grade you want is pretty much under your control in this class. You get a bad grade only if you sit back and allow it to happen. If you are a serious procrastinator, you should drop this class and join an Astronomy 301 lecture class. There are seats available at most hours of the day.
Remember: the very first time you come in to test, make sure that you know the unique number or the professor of the section you are in (it can be found attached to your fee receipt), so we can get your computer file correctly set up.
You will take your quizzes on easy-to-use Apple Macintosh computer terminals. Each time you come in to take a test, report to the computer operator with your picture ID. He or she will create your record if it is your first visit, then call up your record and start the test. Do not go to a terminal and begin test-taking until the computer operator logs you in properly. If you finish a test and want to take another, you must return to the computer operator and get assigned to another terminal. If there is a line, you will have to go to the back of it. Failure to follow these simple rules could result in your computer records getting fouled up.
Operation of the computer terminal is quite transparent -- all the questions will be multiple-choice, and you can enter your answers via mouse or keyboard, whichever you prefer. (If you use the mouse, the keyboard can be lifted out of the way.) If you have questions while taking the test, raise your hand and the instructor will come to where you are. You can take as long as you want on a test (although most people finish in a few minutes) and change your answers as often as you want.
If you have a question about one of the test questions, raise your hand while you are still taking the test, and the instructor on duty will come to you and try to help you if you have legitimate confusion. He or she can help but of course cannot answer the question for you. Do not wait until you have finished the test; by then, your question will have been stored deeply in the hard disk, making it time-consuming to retrieve. Ask your questions about the test questions while they are still on the screen!
When you are sure that you are done, clicking the QUIZ DONE button on the screen will lock in your answers and present the correct answers to you for comparison. You may study your missed questions as long as you want, but you cannot change your answers at this point. When you are completely finished, click the QUIT button. (If you don't, your test may not be recorded.)
The ability to repeat the test should lower test anxiety (if you let it). We recognize that there are many reasons why you might miss a particular question or group of questions, e.g., studied the wrong thing, had an upset stomach, misinterpreted a quiz question, etc. These are just some of the reasons why we allow you three opportunities to pass a unit test. That should provide enough opportunities to overcome all of the miscellaneous reasons for missing a question and allow you to demonstrate your knowledge. Remember that if you have a problem while you are testing, you can ask the instructor for assistance.
When you enter the testing room, pile any books and papers you may have on the labeled table there, so that they will be safe while you test. When you sit down at the terminal to take a test, you should have NOTHING with you-- no books, papers, notes, and not even a pencil or pen -- anything that could be used to import or export information. If you want to scribble or even do a calculation, use the chalkboard in the testing room. You also may not wander around and examine other people's screens while you are supposed to be testing. Such behaviors must be construed as attempts to gain unfair advantage and will be treated as academic dishonesty.
The first two days of AST 302 are given over to orientation sessions, in order to make sure that everyone understand this class. Thursday, January 22 is the first day you can come in and start taking unit tests. The last day of testing is the last day of classes -- Friday, May 8. This is the last time you can come in and pass tests. There is no final exam; everything is over on May 8. The computer tallies your total number of passes, and your final grade is instantly determined.
Up until Monday, February 16, you may drop the class freely if you wish. Pay careful attention to this deadline, because after this point, University regulations specify that you must be working at a C rate to be given a grade of Q (dropped, passing). This means that an appropriate number of unit tests must be passed (e.g., for a C, the number is about one per week). This University rule will be strictly followed in this class. This policy has been adopted by the entire faculty of the Astronomy Department; do not expect a particular instructor to override it.
One common reason for getting behind is having to work too much time at your job; if this is your situation, evaluate it realistically and take timely action to avoid a disaster. If you are going to drop, do so by February 16! Problems that are brought to our attention at the end of the semester are often impossible to solve.
After March 30, it becomes even more difficult to drop the class. Now you must convince the student dean of your college that there is some "urgent and substantiated nonacademic reason" that justifies the drop. This means that you are not allowed to drop simply because you are doing poorly or just haven't gotten to the work yet. In this class, your computer record will demonstrate how often you have come in to the class. At this point, the drop decision belongs to the student dean of your college, and any attempt to drop must be started at that office.
Note that until this date you can change your course registration from graded to pass-fail or vice versa. Note that if you change to a pass-fail grading, your grade will not count toward satisfying your science requirement, but it will count three units of elective course credit.
The class has rules that are intended to fight your most serious enemy -- procrastination. Pay careful attention to them.
If you have passed only one (or no) tests by February 16, you should either drop the class or change your study habits drastically, as you will surely fail at that rate. AFTER February 16, TESTS FOR UNITS 1 AND 2 WILL NO LONGER BE GIVEN, and you cannot make an A in the course if you have missed them. Do take note of this deadline day: it is the most important day of the semester. And after March 30, Unit 3 tests will no longer be given out.
Recall that Units 2 and 3 both have activities connected with them. These activities must be completed and passed by the astronomer on duty before you can take the unit test. Coming in on the deadline day to have your activity checked for the first time is risky; there may be work you need to redo and no time to do it!
If it is crowded on the first deadline day (February 16), only Quizzes for Units 1 and 2 will be given out. PLEASE TAKE THIS DEADLINE SERIOUSLY; if you have not come to class by now, the odds are that you will get a poor grade and may have great difficulty passing. If you are not making it to class, be realistic and drop now! The rules make it harder to drop after this date, and you may not qualify.
Note this important rule of the class: You are allowed only FOUR quiz-taking opportunities on any particular day -- no more. Recall the other rule from above: that you can test on a particular unit up to three times. (Make sure you understand how these two different rules work; you do not get to test 12 times a day.) These rules are to discourage people from trying to pass by simply requesting lots of tests and guessing, hoping to get lucky. If you had studied several units and passed every test, then you could in theory pass four units a day and would finish the class with an A in four days!
Of course, you could also use those four chances to fail one particular unit three times and then fail one more quiz in the next unit! Note that if this happens, you are through for the day, since you may have only four test-taking opportunities per day (not per unit). Taking a test without being prepared is just a waste of your own time and seriously bad strategy. Take each test seriously. Don't waste your first attempt to pass a test without studying, just to "see how it goes." What will happen is that you will fail the test.
We hope you can see that you cannot postpone large quantities of work until the end of the semester. At this time, serious procrastinators finally begin to show up and things get much busier. If you wait until the very end, there may be a long wait just to get to take a test. If you still have undone work at the very end of the semester, you may become very frustrated. If you are shooting for a high grade, it is very much to your advantage to avoid the end-of-semester traffic jam and finish the course early. This would also allow you to use the rest of your class days to study for your other classes.
These various rules have been devised to (1) encourage you to take each test-taking opportunity seriously and (2) help you to avoid procrastination. You must take them seriously.
There are no incompletes given in this class. Learning the material within the constraints and limits of the class itself is part of the mastery process that is designed into the class. In such a flexible class, normal illness is no problem, since work can easily be made up. Catastrophic medical situations or other unusual and unanticipated circumstances must be dealt with on an individual basis. Bring them to your instructor as soon as you are aware of a problem developing -- not at the end of the semester. Under no circumstances will a late drop or an incomplete be given simply because you have procrastinated away too much time. The records in the class computer will make it clear if this is the case.
Occasionally at the end of the semester, a student will request special treatment (like just "one more day" to finish up tests or "one more chance"). Realize that there is no way to give special treatment to anyone in the class without being unfair to other students in the class who operated under the rules of the class and would not have the advantage of that favor. So we don't do it, and don't bother to ask.
Remember: almost the only way you can do badly in this course is by serious and determined procrastination of the necessary work. We realize that we are hammering away at this, but we do this because past experience shows that about a third of the class will in fact ignore our warnings. Reread the section above on dropping the class. After the critical dates in the semester have passed, a simple failure to get enough work done will NOT be a sufficient reason to earn a drop in 302.
Again, if you know that you have a problem with procrastination, you should not take this class. Take Astronomy 301. If you need a lecturer to get you to study, take AST 301. If you have some self-discipline and would like to be finished before Thanksgiving, this is the course for you.
The extensive tutoring that is available in the classroom should be able to handle most of your questions, but for each of the sections of 302 listed in the Course Schedule, there is an associated supervisory professor with whom you may consult if you wish. They are listed below. These professors will hold office hours at the time of that particular section, and they can be reached in their offices at that time if you have additional questions or difficulties that the staff in the room cannot answer or resolve satisfactorily. You can also consult the Course Supervisor -- Dr. R. Robert Robbins, in RLM 13.136. His hours are also given here.
| Unique Number | Time | Supervising Professor |
|---|---|---|
| 42930 | MWF 11 | Winget, RLM 17.224 |
| 42935 | TTh 11 | D. Wills, RLM 17.204 |
| 42940 | MWF 12 | Lacy, RLM 16.332 |
| 42945 | TTh 12:30 | D. Wills |
| 49540 | MWF 1 | Winget |
| 42955 | MWF 2 | Robbins, RLM 13.136 |
| 42960 | TTh 2 | Robbins |
| 42965 | MWF 3 | Robbins |
| 42970 | TTh 330 | Robbins |
| 42975 | MWF 4 | Lacy |
Given the design of the class, some students will not contact all of the chapters in the book. Students stopping with a D (or CR for pass-fail registrations) will have finished a short course in solar system astronomy. Students who stop with a B will miss galaxies and cosmology. Happily, this situation can be easily remedied by taking a second semester of astronomy, since all of the follow-up courses in astronomy are special topics courses. For example, AST 309N covers stellar evolution, supernovae, pulsars, black holes, etc., while AST 309R covers galaxies and cosmology among its topics. AST 309T covers the Milky Way Galaxy, including star formation and evolution, and interstellar material. There are also other options. Thus, you need not fear that you will permanently "miss" your favorite part of the Universe. By the way, successful Astronomy 302 students on the average do quite well in their second astronomy class.
Always consult this section first before beginning a unit, to make sure that you are studying the right thing -- in particular, reading the right chapters and doing any necessary activities. Note that units and chapters are not the same thing; a unit often comprises more than one chapter!
INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORKING YOUR WAY THROUGH AST 302
| UNIT | CHAPTERS TO READ AND ACTIVITIES TO DO |
|---|---|
| 1 | Read Chapters 1 and 2 of the text (29 pages), plus any material in the Study Guide.
Introductory chapters; study and take quiz. Remember to take the questions you encounter in the reading seriously; they indicate important concepts that will often be on the quiz. Similarly, the review questions at the end of the chapter are also likely to appear on quizzes. Also remember to check the appropriate sections of the Study Guide for corrections to the text and also additional content that might appear on a quiz.
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| 2 | Read Chapter 3 (pages 34-44) and do the two activities described here.
Most of your time on Unit 2 will consist of doing the CROSS-STAFF AND QUADRANT ACTIVITIES which are Activities 3-1 and 3-2 in the Activities Manual. (Note the yellow paragraph on page 40 indicating the optimum place at which to do the activities.) Follow the instructions in the Manual and assemble your instruments from the kit of materials (the white packet). As you carry out your observing procedures, record your measurements on the answer sheets in the manual. You must tear out these sheets and present them to the instructor for approval before you will be eligible to take the test on Unit 2. If some part of your measurements are not correct, you will be asked to remeasure those sections. You can do these measurements at home if you wish, but it is more convenient to do it in the classroom, since we have placed a marker for you to measure by the water fountain down the hall. Also, the fact that the floor tiles are each one foot may simplify your efforts a bit. When Activity 3-2 tells you to measure the height of a building, use the Tower or the shortest side of RLM. Note: Do not do Discovery 3-1 on page 43.
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| 3 |
Read Chapter 4 (pages 45-64). You do not need to read the Appendix material (pages 64 on) .
Another unit with an Activity in addition to the reading: Do the CELESTIAL GLOBE ACTIVITY. Find it on page 17 of the Study Guide; it is not in the Activities Manual. Again, your answers must be checked over before you can take the test. Follow the description of the activity in the Study Guide and fill in the tear-out answer sheet that is provided there. There are a number of celestial globes in the classroom for you to use. If you have any problems with the written instructions on the globe, consult the instructor on duty. Note: Do not do any of the Manual Activities 4-1 to 4-7.
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| 4 |
Read Chapter 5 (= 25 pages). This is the most mathematical chapter of the book; study carefully.
Do the Parallax Activity 5-1 in the Activities Manual and use the answer sheet on page 59. There is a special setup inside the classroom to make the activity very easy to do. Consult the figures on page 58 of the Manual. Instead of a person as your nearby object, you will use the ruler taped to the window by the instructor's desk. For a distant reference, use the right-hand edge of the large white building you can see out of the window. Stand across the room by the black curtain and locate yourself so that the nearby object (the ruler) is aligned with the right edge of the building. Then angle A will be zero (see page 58 of the Manual). Move two tiles (which is two feet) to your right and estimate the angle between the same nearby object (i.e., the ruler) and the building, using the fact that your fist, viewed at arm's length, is about ten degrees in angular size. The angle you estimate (do it several times and average your values) now goes into the formula as the parallactic shift. The distance AB is of course two feet, so plug in your numbers and solve for D. Check your answer by counting the floor tiles from where you measured to the window. Tell the instructor how the two numbers compared. Discovery 5-1 is interesting and enjoyable if you can find a place to do it, but it is not required.
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| 5 |
Read Chapters 6 and 7 (39 pages). Discovery 6-1 or 7-1 won't be tested on.
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| 6 |
Read Chapter 8 (14 pages, omitting 144-157, but do read introductory paragraph on p. 144).
Also, do Discovery 8-1 on page 171 of the textbook (using photos in the textbook) and Activity 8-2 on page 67 of the Manual, using the photographs found in the Manual. Answers to both activities can be found in the Study Guide, so you do not have to hand in anything for grading. But if there is anything you still don't understand after doing the activities and examining the answers, ask the instructor. The material covered in these activities will be tested on in the quizzes.
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| 7 |
Read Chapter 9 (28 pages).
When you are reading p. 190, be sure to look at the 3-D pictures of the surface of Venus that came back from the radar scans carried out by the Magellan probe of the planet. These pictures are inserted in the center of the Manual. Use the blue and red glasses from your kit.
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| 8 |
Read Chapter 10 (24 pp.; omit 218-222). If you have passed all eight units to
this point, you are at the D grade level (or CR). Keep going!
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| 9 |
Read Chapters 11 and 12 (36 pages). Omit Section 12.6.
This unit has a number of short activities. Your results on the Chapter 11 activities need to be shown to your instructor when they are completed. The Chapter 12 activities do not. Do Discoveries 11-1 and 11-2 in the textbook as part of your reading. They will help you understand the content of the chapter, but there is nothing to present for grading. If you have any questions about the reading, ask your instructor. For the activities below, follow the instructions in this study sequence. The details are spelled out in your Activities Manual starting at page 81. Activity 11-1: assemble the adjustable slit, following the instructions on pages 81-82 and using the materials from your kit. Do the observations called for in the write-up and answer the four questions in your notebook. Show your answers to the instructor. The activity is not graded, but you should understand the content to be prepared for the quiz. Keep your adjustable slit for later; it will be used again. Activity 11-2: look through the kit diffration grating and observe at least two light sources. Suggestion: examine a regular light bulb and a streetlight at night. Draw what you see and show the instructor. Save the grating; you will need it later. Activity 11-3: use the polarized material from the kit to carry out the observations spelled out in your Manual. If you don't have a blue sky when you are doing your measurements, skip the next-to-last paragraph. Write the answers to the questions and show them to the instructor. Activities 12-1 and 12-2: take your two lenses out of the kit and use them to form images on a screen, as shown on page 90 of the Manual. How do the lenses differ? Use each lens as a magnifier, holding it up to your eye. How do the lenses differ? For the Chapter 12 activities, the answers are given in the Manual, so you can check yourself and consult with the instructor only if you have questions. You do not need to show anything to the instructor. Activity 12-3: assemble your telescope according to the instructions on pages 95-96. Use it to look at the landscape, the Moon, whatever (but NOT the Sun!).
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| 10 |
Read Chapter 13 and do a Spectrometer Activity.
Assemble the Spectrometer using materials from your kit and following the instructions in your Activities Manual on pages 101 to 104 (middle). But to do the Spectroscopic Activity itself, follow the instructions and the answer sheet on pages 55 and 56 in Chapter 13 in the Study Guide, because they are written for exactly the particular light sources we have here at UT in our classroom (behind the curtain and also in the long optical tunnel). The book is used in many different schools, and each school has a different setup of light sources, so it is impossible to write one answer sheet that works for all schools. The answer sheet from the Study Guide should be turned in to the instructor to check over before you are admitted to the quiz on this unit. The final observation of the spectrometer activity is to measure an unknown spectrum and try to deduce what it is. There is an unknown in the classroom (a small black box), and you could also measure a streetlight out in the town if a night observation is convenient.
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| 11 |
Read Chapters 14 and 15 (37 pages). Do Discovery 14-1 (page 313) at any time during
your reading. It need not be presented for checking. Do not do Discoveries 15-1 and 15-2.
If you have passed all the units to this point, you have earned a C in the class. Keep going!
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| 12 | Read Chapters 16 and 17 (44 pages). Discovery 16-1 is optional.
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| 13 |
Read Chapters 18 and 19 (46 pages) with pp. 427-428 optional and not tested on.
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| 14 |
Read Chapter 20 (29 pages). The Discoveries at end of the chapter are optional (not tested
on).
You are now at the B level if you have not failed any units.
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| 15 |
Read Chapter 21 (27 pages). Discovery 21-1 is not required.
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| 16 |
Read Chapters 22 and 23 (36 pages).
If you have failed no units, you now have an A. Omit Discoveries 22-1, 22-2, 23-1, and 23-2. Discovery 23-3 is easy to do and fun. Try it.
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| 17 |
Make-up unit, available only to those who can get an A or B by passing it.
For this unit, study the following pages to be quizzed on: pp. 144-157, 218-225, and 491-492. On pages 491-492, you are not expected to go through all of the calculations discussed on those pages. Just review the chapter material that is relevant to the inquiries; the purpose of this is to refresh your memory of how the distances of objects are measured in astronomy.
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